# Betfred Review 2026: A Horse Racing Punter's Verdict

_Honest Betfred review for racing punters: Best Odds Guaranteed retained while rivals narrow, all five British Classics sponsored, the Bet £10 Get £50 offer, and the UKGC compliance record covered straight._

*Source: [https://stablebet.co.uk/bookmakers/betfred-review/](https://stablebet.co.uk/bookmakers/betfred-review/) · last updated 2026-05-02*

## Betfred at a Glance

Betfred is one of those bookmakers that actually comes from the world of horse racing rather than bolting it on as an afterthought. Founded in 1967 by brothers Fred and Peter Done in Salford, the business started with a single Manchester betting shop and grew into one of Britain's largest independent bookmakers, around 1,290 shops across the UK as of late 2025, plus a full online platform covering everything from the 2:30 at Haydock to the biggest festivals of the year.

Fred Done himself started out as a racecourse bookmaker, standing on-course, chalking prices, taking bets from racegoers in person. That heritage still runs through the brand. Where some online operators clearly prioritise football or casino, Betfred has always kept horse racing near the top of the card. You notice it in the depth of their racing markets, the prominence of racing on their homepage, and (most visibly in 2025–26) in the fact that **Betfred is now the title sponsor of all five British Classics**: the 2000 Guineas, 1000 Guineas, Oaks, Derby and St Leger. No other operator has ever held all five at once. The Betfred Derby carries a £2m total fund (£1m to the winner, a record) and the £2m Betfred Triple Crown bonus has been renewed for the 2026 season.

The quick verdict for racing punters? Betfred is a solid choice, and on the metrics that matter to a racing-first user, increasingly the right choice. **Best Odds Guaranteed runs across all UK and Irish racing from 8:00am on the day of the race**, while several rivals (Star Sports, William Hill, Betfair Sportsbook) have either removed BOG entirely or quietly narrowed it via invite-only gates and lower caps over the last 18 months. Live streaming is available for funded accounts, ante-post and day-of-race market depth is competitive, and the racing-specials calendar revolves around the big meetings.

The platform itself is not the flashiest in the market. The website and app feel a step behind Bet365 and Paddy Power on design polish, the sign-up offer (Bet £10, get £50 in free bets) is competitive but not market-leading, and Betfred's UKGC compliance record over 2021–2026 has produced five enforcement actions totalling around £8.085m in fines and settlements, a record we'll cover honestly later in this review. Stake-restriction complaints from winning customers are a recurring theme on Trustpilot, in line with the broader UK retail-led market.

But where it counts for racing bettors (BOG retained, deep ante-post markets, the Classics sponsorship, on-course heritage, and the option to walk into a Betfred shop and hand cash across the counter), Betfred delivers in a way that increasingly few competitors do. If you want to see how it stacks up directly, our [best bookmakers for horse racing](/bookmakers/best-bookmakers-horse-racing/) comparison ranks the major operators side by side, and our [BOG bookmakers](/bookmakers/best-bog-bookmakers/) page tracks who's actually retaining the feature versus who's letting it slip.

For now, let's dig into what Betfred actually offers the racing punter.

## Horse Racing Offering

The horse racing product is where Betfred earns its keep. This is not a bookmaker that offers a handful of win markets and calls it a day. The racing coverage is broad, deep, and clearly put together by people who understand what punters actually want.

### Best Odds Guaranteed

The headline feature for most racing bettors is **Best Odds Guaranteed (BOG) on all UK and Irish racing, from 8:00am on the day of the race until the off**. In plain terms, this means that if you take a price on a horse and the starting price (SP) turns out to be higher, Betfred pays you at the bigger odds automatically. You do not need to opt in.

Betfred has **retained BOG** through a market period in which Star Sports removed it entirely (December 2024), William Hill restricted it (2023), and Bet365, Sky Bet and Paddy Power have narrowed terms via invite-only gates, lower caps or exclusion lists. As of May 2026 Betfred is one of the cleanest BOG offerings in the UK market, covered on UK, Irish and "selected international" racing, applied to singles and each-way, with the standard exclusions (ante-post, Tote pool bets, Lucky 15/31/63 multiples, Super Extra Place Races, free-bet stakes). For the full picture see our [BOG bookmakers comparison](/bookmakers/best-bog-bookmakers/), which tracks who's offering it cleanly and who's not.

### Early Prices and Ante-Post Markets

Betfred puts up early prices on the major meetings, which means you can get involved well before the off rather than scrambling for a price in the final minutes. For the really big festivals (Cheltenham, Royal Ascot, Aintree's Grand National meeting) ante-post markets are available months in advance. If you like to lock in a long-range opinion early, there is plenty to work with. The ante-post selection is competitive with the larger firms, covering the headline races across the National Hunt and Flat calendars.

### Live Streaming

Betfred streams UK and Irish racing through the website and app, supplied by partnerships with **SIS (Sports Information Services)**, **Racing TV** and **Sky Sports Racing**. The February 2025 SIS deal upgraded Betfred's in-house TV channel to HD and supplies 35,000+ horse races from 170+ venues globally per year, plus 24,000+ greyhound events. To watch a UK or Irish race live you need a funded account and a qualifying matched bet on that specific race (typically £1 win or 50p each-way) paid from real cash, not free-bet funds. The stream quality is decent: not broadcast television, but perfectly watchable, and it covers the full card at most meetings.

### Each-Way Terms and Major Festivals

Each-way betting runs at standard industry terms, typically 1/4 or 1/5 odds for the place portion depending on field size. For the big festivals, Betfred has historically run race-by-race extra-place promotions:

- **Cheltenham Festival 2026**: race-by-race extra places at 1/5 odds, with up to 6 places "super extra" on selected handicaps (Fred Winter, BetMGM Cup).
- **Aintree Grand National 2026**: 6 places each-way at 1/5 online (5 in-shop). NRNB applied to all 28 Cheltenham races and to the National card.
- **Royal Ascot**: Betfred is the Official Bookmaker of Royal Ascot, so a strong promotional push is highly likely; race-by-race terms typically drop the week of the meeting.

Worth a freshness note: Betfred matched the field on the 2026 Grand National at 6 places. Sky Bet went furthest with 7, the most of any major. Bet365's "Each Way Extra" toggle remains the optional outlier (up to 10 places at reduced odds). For a deeper look at how each-way actually works on these festivals, see our [each-way betting guide](/betting/bet-types/each-way/).

### Racing Specials, Price Boosts and the Classics Promotional Calendar

Around the major festivals and high-profile race days, Betfred runs racing specials, price boosts and money-back offers. The selection is not the volume-leader of the UK market (Bet365, Sky Bet and Paddy Power throw more daily-racing specials at the wall) but the offers that do appear tend to be useful rather than gimmicky. As **title sponsor of all five British Classics**, Betfred's promotional cycle is heaviest around the Newmarket Guineas weekend, the Epsom Derby Festival and the Doncaster St Leger, each with sponsored card races, hospitality giveaways, and the **£2m Betfred Triple Crown bonus** running on the 2000 Guineas + Derby + St Leger combination.

### How It Compares

Compared to the wider UK market, Betfred's racing product sits comfortably in the upper half, and is climbing relative to peers as Star Sports, William Hill and Bet365's BOG terms tighten. The combination of **BOG retained on all UK/Irish racing, deep ante-post markets, live streaming, and the unique Classics sponsorship platform** covers the core requirements with a real point of difference. Where it lags is in daily-racing promotional volume and in app polish; the racing-iconic credentials more than compensate for a punter whose primary interest is the sport.

## Key Features & Platform

Beyond the racing-specific product, Betfred has a set of platform features that are worth knowing about before you sign up. Some of these are useful for racing punters; others are standard across the industry but still worth covering.

### Cash Out

Betfred offers Cash Out on horse racing markets, both win and each-way singles, and on multiples (doubles, trebles, accumulators) between completed legs. The mechanic: a Cash Out icon appears on the betslip with the offered value; you confirm by clicking "Take" within the brief confirmation window. Cash Out is **not available** on bets staked from free-bet funds, on markets without the Cash Out icon, on suspended markets, or where the calculated value would be £0.

What Betfred's Cash Out does **not** offer, that Bet365 and Paddy Power do, is **auto cash-out** (also called "Cash Out Plus"), the ability to set a target value at which your bet automatically settles. This is a meaningful gap if you're someone who likes to set-and-forget cash-out triggers. It's also worth noting that **partial cash-out** support is unclear; some affiliate sources claim Betfred offers it, but the current Betfred terms describe a single full settle. We'd recommend testing on a low-stakes bet before assuming. Our [cash out guide](/betting/features/cash-out/) covers the wider mechanics and pitfalls.

### In-Play Betting

In-play betting is available on racing events, though the nature of horse racing means in-play markets are more limited than, say, football. You can bet during the race itself, but the odds move fast and the window is narrow. It's there if you want it, but most serious racing punters do their business before the off.

### Mobile App

The Betfred app is available on iOS and Android, published as **Betfred Sports, Casino & Games** (no separate sports-only app for the UK). As of May 2026:

- **iOS UK App Store**: 4.6 stars from ~63,000 ratings, ranked in the Sports category, last updated 31 March 2026.
- **Google Play UK**: 4.3 stars from ~13,300 reviews, 1m+ downloads, last updated 3 February 2026.

The app is functional and reliable. You can browse the full card, place bets, watch live streams, and manage your account. The interface feels a step behind Bet365 and Paddy Power on design polish, but it works. Most-cited 1- and 2-star themes from recent reviews are forced log-out / repeat re-login (Betfred itself acknowledged and resolved this in the v6.0.0 release notes), occasional crashes during major race meetings, and live-chat customer-service waits during peak periods.

### Payment Methods

Betfred's accepted methods as of May 2026 are **Visa debit, Mastercard debit, Apple Pay, and Truelayer Instant Bank Payment** for deposits, plus those methods plus **BACS bank transfer** for withdrawals. The minimum deposit is £5 (£10 to qualify for the welcome offer).

**Important update**: Betfred **removed PayPal, Skrill, Neteller and Paysafecard in January 2026**. If you previously used any of these for Betfred deposits or withdrawals, you'll now need to switch, and any cached references to PayPal in older Betfred help pages are stale at the time of writing.

For withdrawals, Betfred runs a security review of up to 48 hours, after which method-specific clearing applies, Visa/Mastercard debit ~4 hours, Truelayer Instant Bank Payment ~6 hours, BACS ~3 working days. Minimum withdrawal £5 (most methods), £25 BACS.

A unique feature: Betfred lets you **withdraw online winnings as cash in-shop**, same-day collection up to £250/day at any Betfred shop where you've previously deposited (call 0800 032 0878 within shop hours to reserve). Larger amounts require ~48 hours' notice. No fee.

### Price Boosts

Betfred regularly offers price boosts on selected racing markets. These are enhanced odds on specific horses or outcomes, typically flagged on the racecards within the app and website. They can offer real extra value when they align with your selections, though as with all boosted prices it pays to check whether the underlying odds were competitive in the first place. For more on how to evaluate them, see our [price boosts guide](/betting/features/price-boosts/).

### Customer Support

Betfred offers live chat, email, phone support and a presence on Twitter/X. Live chat is the quickest route for most queries, response times are reasonable in normal periods, but can stretch to 18–40+ minutes during peak racing weekends (Cheltenham, the Grand National). The phone option is useful for retail-account queries that web-chat can't resolve.

## Signing Up & Getting Started

Getting started with Betfred is straightforward. The sign-up process follows the standard UK pattern and you can be up and running in minutes.

### How to Register

Head to the Betfred website or download the app and click the registration button. You'll need name, date of birth, address, email, and a few other standard details. Betfred is required by UK law to verify your identity before you can deposit and bet, so have a form of ID handy, typically a driving licence or passport. Most verifications are handled automatically; occasionally you'll be asked to upload a document.

Once your account is verified, you can make your first deposit using any supported method (debit card, Apple Pay, or Truelayer Instant Bank Payment as of May 2026; Betfred removed PayPal/Skrill/Neteller in January 2026). The general minimum deposit is £5. Note that the welcome offer itself requires a **Debit Card** deposit and payment exclusions apply, so if you are claiming it, fund with a debit card.

If you'd like a more detailed walkthrough (including what to expect at each verification stage) our [guide to opening a betting account](/bookmakers/how-to-open-betting-account/) covers everything step by step.

### Welcome Offer

Betfred's welcome offer is **Bet £10, Get £50 in Free Bets**, structured as:

- **£30 in Sports Free Bets**
- **£20 in Bet Builder Free Bets** (usable only on Bet Builder markets, which is a same-game multi product, so check whether racing qualifies before you count this as racing money)

Full terms (Betfred's own approved wording of 27 July 2026, with the £20 Bet Builder half described by us from their affiliate compliance comms of 14 August 2026; always confirm the live terms at registration):

- **New customers only, 18+**
- Register, deposit with a **Debit Card**, and place a first bet of **£10+ at Evens (2.0)+ on Sports**, to be settled within 7 days
- **£30 in Sports Free Bets and £20 in Bet Builder Free Bets** credited **within 24 hours of settlement**
- **7-day expiry**
- Eligibility and payment exclusions apply
- 18+. Full T&Cs apply.

A note on the promo code: the code for this offer is `BETFRED50`. Betfred is not currently one of our partner bookmakers, so we do not link to them and cannot attribute a sign-up. If you claim direct and are prompted for a code during registration, enter `BETFRED50`. Always read the operator's own terms before depositing.

### How the Offer Compares

In the UK retail-led market, "Bet £10, Get £50" sits **competitive but not market-leading**. Bet365's traditional bet-credits offer matches at £30; some boutique operators run higher-headline promotions (£60+) but with stricter qualifying terms. Betfred's strength versus the field is the simple debit-card qualifying flow, which is fast (most punters hit the qualifying threshold within a few hours). The structural weakness is the **Bet Builder £20 portion**: it can only be staked on Bet Builder markets, so for a racing-first punter that half of the offer may not be usable at all.

For a deeper breakdown on the offer's value compared to the rest of the UK market, see our [Betfred sign-up offer breakdown](/bookmakers/betfred-sign-up-offer/) (full mechanics, who the offer suits, what to bet first).

### Responsible Gambling Tools

One thing Betfred does well is making responsible gambling tools available right from the sign-up stage. During registration you can set deposit limits (daily, weekly, or monthly), session-time reminders, and reality checks. You can self-exclude at any point.

We'd encourage every punter to set sensible deposit limits from the outset, it's far easier to set a limit when you're thinking clearly than after the fact. Betfred is licensed and regulated by the UK Gambling Commission (Done Brothers (Cash Betting) Limited, UKGC register account 1058; Petfre (Gibraltar) Limited holds the online B2C licence). If you're ever concerned about your gambling, the [National Gambling Helpline](https://www.begambleaware.org/) is available 24 hours a day on 0808 8020 133.

## Pros and Cons

Every bookmaker has its strengths and its weak spots, and Betfred is no different. Here's an honest assessment of both sides.

### What Betfred Gets Right

- **Racing heritage.** Fred Done began as a racecourse bookmaker, and that background still shows in how the brand treats the sport. Racing is front-and-centre on the platform; market depth is strong; the product feels built by people who actually watch the racing.
- **Best Odds Guaranteed retained, market-leading clarity.** BOG runs across all UK and Irish racing from 8:00am as standard: no opt-in, no invite-only gates, no narrowing by exclusion list. Several major rivals (Star Sports, William Hill, Bet365's narrowing) have made BOG less reliable over 2024–25; Betfred has held the line. See our [BOG bookmakers comparison](/bookmakers/best-bog-bookmakers/) for the current state of the market.
- **First-ever single-brand sponsor of all five British Classics.** No other UK operator has held all five (2000 Guineas, 1000 Guineas, Oaks, Derby, St Leger) at the same time. The £2m Betfred Derby (£1m to the winner: record prize fund) and the £2m Triple Crown bonus give Betfred a racing-iconic platform unique in the UK market.
- **Live streaming UK and Irish racing.** SIS-supplied, HD upgrade February 2025, full card coverage at most meetings. Standard funded-account requirement (£1 qualifying matched bet on the race in question).
- **Largest independent retail estate of any UK bookmaker**: around 1,290 shops. The option to walk in, place a bet in person, and collect winnings over the counter is real value if you live near a Betfred shop. You can also withdraw online winnings as cash from Betfred shops (up to £250/day, no fee).
- **Responsible Gambling tools surfaced at sign-up.** Deposit limits, session-time reminders, and reality checks are available from the registration flow rather than buried two clicks deep.

### Where Betfred Falls Short

- **Platform polish lags Bet365 and Paddy Power.** Both the website and app are functional and reliable, but feel a step behind on design and user experience. Navigation is less obvious; the overall interface lacks slickness. It works, but it doesn't impress.
- **App on Android (4.3 stars) trails iOS (4.6 stars).** Recurring 1-star themes in recent reviews include forced log-out / repeat re-login (acknowledged and patched in v6.0.0), occasional crashes during major race meetings, and customer-service waits during peak periods.
- **Welcome offer is not market-leading, and half of it may not reach racing.** The £50 in free bets is competitive, but from 17 August 2026 the **£20 portion is Bet Builder free bets**, staked on Bet Builder markets rather than a straight racing bet. For a racing-first punter the realistic value is the £30 Sports half.
- **PayPal, Skrill, Neteller and Paysafecard removed January 2026.** If you've historically used e-wallets for gambling deposits, Betfred is now debit-card-only (plus Apple Pay and Truelayer Open Banking). This is a meaningful step backwards on payment-method flexibility.
- **No auto-cash-out** ("Cash Out Plus"). Bet365 and Paddy Power both offer trigger-based auto-cash-out; Betfred only offers manual full-cash-out via the betslip icon. Partial cash-out is unclear; current terms describe a single-step settle.
- **Daily-racing promotional volume below market leaders.** Bet365, Sky Bet and Paddy Power throw more daily specials and enhanced accumulators at the wall. Betfred's promotional calendar is heavy around the major festivals (Classics weekends, Cheltenham, the National) but quieter day-to-day.

### What You Should Know: UKGC Compliance Record

Honesty over PR: Betfred's UKGC compliance record over 2021–2026 has produced **five enforcement actions totalling around £8.085m** in fines and settlements:

| Date | Licensee | Amount | Reason (summary) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28 Sep 2022 | Petfre (Gibraltar) Ltd | £2.87m + warning | Social-responsibility & AML failures Oct 2019 – Dec 2020 |
| 18 Jul 2023 | Done Bros (Cash Betting) Ltd | £3.25m settlement | s.116 review covering Jan 2021 – Dec 2022 |
| 2 Oct 2025 | Petfre (Gibraltar) Ltd | £240,000 | Slot-game compliance failures (games decommissioned) |
| 3 Dec 2025 | Done Brothers (Cash Betting) Ltd | £825,000 + warning + additional licence condition + mandated third-party audit | AML and social-responsibility from 2024 compliance assessment |
| 30 Jun 2026 | Petfre (Gibraltar) Ltd | £900,000 settlement | Social-responsibility failures (online) |

This is not a clean sheet. Like every major UK chain, Betfred applies account restrictions, stake limits and verification checks at its own discretion, standard risk-management practice across the retail-led market, and something to be aware of with any high-street book rather than a fault unique to Betfred. On the enforcement record itself, the fines above are a matter of public record; it is worth being clear-eyed that no large operator is UKGC enforcement-clean. Even the boutique racing specialists like Star Sports have their own settlement history (a £594,000 settlement in April 2023).

### The Overall Picture

Betfred is a bookmaker that gets the fundamentals right for horse racing. The core racing product (BOG retained while peers narrow, deep ante-post markets, the Classics sponsorship platform, on-course heritage, retail-shop convenience) is strong and arguably gaining ground in 2025–26. The areas where it lags are mostly cosmetic (app polish, daily-promo volume) or peripheral (e-wallet removal, no auto-cash-out). The compliance record matters but isn't disqualifying in the wider market context.

If you care more about what's under the bonnet than how the dashboard looks, Betfred is a very capable choice for racing, and increasingly the right primary choice if you specifically value retained BOG.

## Frequently Asked Questions

## Does Betfred offer Best Odds Guaranteed?

Yes. Betfred offers Best Odds Guaranteed on all UK and Irish horse racing from 8:00am on the day of the race. If you take a price and the starting price is higher, you're paid at the bigger odds automatically. There's no opt-in. As of May 2026 Betfred is one of the cleanest BOG offerings in the UK market. Star Sports removed BOG in December 2024, William Hill restricted it in 2023, and Bet365 / Sky Bet / Paddy Power have narrowed terms via invite-only gates and lower caps. See our [BOG bookmakers comparison](/bookmakers/best-bog-bookmakers/) for the current picture.

## Can I live stream horse racing on Betfred?

Yes. Betfred streams UK and Irish racing through the website and mobile app, with HD coverage supplied by SIS, Racing TV and Sky Sports Racing. To access the streams you need a funded account and a qualifying matched bet on that specific race, typically £1 win or 50p each-way, paid from real cash (not free-bet funds). Coverage extends to the full card at most meetings.

## What is Betfred's welcome offer in 2026?

Betfred's current welcome offer is **Bet £10, Get £50 in Free Bets**. New customers only. Register, deposit with a Debit Card, and place a first bet of £10+ at Evens (2.0)+ on Sports, to be settled within 7 days, to get £30 in Sports Free Bets and £20 in Bet Builder Free Bets within 24 hours of settlement. 7-day expiry. Eligibility and payment exclusions apply. 18+. Full breakdown at our [Betfred sign-up offer page](/bookmakers/betfred-sign-up-offer/).

## What payment methods does Betfred accept?

As of May 2026, Betfred accepts **Visa debit, Mastercard debit, Apple Pay, and Truelayer Instant Bank Payment** for deposits, plus those methods plus BACS bank transfer for withdrawals. Minimum deposit £5. The welcome offer itself requires a Debit Card deposit and payment exclusions apply.

**Important**: Betfred **removed PayPal, Skrill, Neteller and Paysafecard in January 2026**. If you previously used any of these, you'll now need to switch. Online winnings can also be withdrawn as cash in any Betfred shop where you've previously deposited (up to £250/day same-day, larger amounts with ~48 hours' notice, no fee).

## Is Betfred safe and licensed?

Betfred is licensed and regulated by the UK Gambling Commission. The principal UK retail/online B2C licensee is **Done Brothers (Cash Betting) Limited** (Companies House 01277703; UKGC register account 1058). The principal online licensee for betfred.com is Petfre (Gibraltar) Limited. Your funds are protected in line with UKGC requirements.

Betfred has received four UKGC enforcement actions between 2021 and 2026 totalling around £7.185m in fines and settlements, covered in detail in the pros-and-cons section above. Honest framing: this is comparable to other major UK chains' records and is not disqualifying, but it's worth being aware of rather than pretending the slate is clean.

## Does Betfred have any racing sponsorships?

Extensively. Betfred is the **first-ever single-brand sponsor of all five British Classics** (2000 Guineas, 1000 Guineas, Oaks, Derby, St Leger). The Betfred Derby carries a £2m total fund (£1m to the winner, a record), and the £2m Betfred Triple Crown bonus has been renewed for the 2026 season. Other 2025/26 sponsorships include the Betfred Dante Stakes at York, the Betfred Jockey Club Stakes at Newmarket, and the Betfred Northumberland Plate (note: the 2026 Northumberland Plate is sponsored by Jenningsbet, sponsorship rotates). Betfred is also the Official Bookmaker of Royal Ascot.

## How long do Betfred withdrawals take?

All withdrawals are subject to a security review of up to 48 hours. After that:

- Visa / Mastercard debit: ~4 hours
- Truelayer Instant Bank Payment: ~6 hours
- BACS bank transfer: ~3 working days

Minimum withdrawal £5 (most methods), £25 BACS. One BACS withdrawal is free per 28 days; subsequent BACS withdrawals carry a £12 fee.

If you need cash same-day and you've previously deposited at a Betfred shop, you can also collect online winnings up to £250/day at the counter, call 0800 032 0878 within shop hours (10:00–21:30) to reserve. Larger amounts can be arranged with the shop manager with around 48 hours' notice. No fee.

## What's Betfred's minimum bet?

The minimum stake on most online horse racing bets at Betfred is 3p, making it accessible if you want to place small stakes or test the platform. Minimum deposit £5 for general use; £10 to qualify for the welcome offer.

## Is Betfred a good bookmaker for horse racing?

Yes, and arguably increasingly the right choice for racing-first punters. The combination of retained BOG, the Classics sponsorship platform, on-course heritage, deep ante-post markets, live streaming, and retail-shop convenience makes it one of the strongest racing products in the UK market. The platform itself is not the most modern-looking, the payment-method flexibility took a step back when PayPal was removed in January 2026, and the daily-racing promotional volume isn't market-leading, but on the racing-specific metrics that actually matter, Betfred delivers. See our [best bookmakers for horse racing](/bookmakers/best-bookmakers-horse-racing/) comparison for how it ranks against the field.
